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FRANZ BOAS


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pioneer in the field of ethnology

Boas, Franz, anthropologist, ethnologist, folklorist and linguist (Minden, Westphalia, 9 July. 1858 - New York, December 21, 1942). In collaboration with his students, Boas defines the intellectual and professional orientation of American anthropology. It stresses the need to address the study of the history of cultures using an empirical method. His work highlights the historical factors that combine and blend to give each company its distinctive character. Boas
primarily interested in historical geography, but the pioneering work he performs in INUIT OF BAFFIN ISLAND (1883-1884) led him to conclude that the customs of a people do not only geography and often develop against environmental constraints. From 1886 he focused his research definitive Coast Indians Northwest. The richness of their art and their mythology more convinced of the need to consider the psychological characteristics as well as geographical data in his research. These characteristics are developed over the centuries by borrowing traits from other cultures, modifying and integrating them a new culture.

His many students are the greatest legacy of Boas. The brightest of them, Edward Sapir, was the first director of what is now the CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION. For many years, Boas dominated American anthropology and is a mentor to most of the first women working in this occupation, including Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead. He worked tirelessly and effectively to wrest the public's belief in the race and to adopt a scientific conception of culture as a basis to explain the main differences among human groups. RJ PRESTON

It is mainly devoted to the study of American Indians. Formed by the natural sciences, it focuses on observation, on the need for descriptive and empirical basis of research in ethnology. His physical anthropology leads to the radical critique of the concept of race. He rejects the two major schools of his time, evolutionism and diffusionism, and develop a physical and cultural anthropology (psychological research processes unique to each people in language, art, myth and religion) who also claims the importance of individual experiences to the study and understanding of peoples. His thoughts profoundly influenced American anthropology of the early nineteenth century. encarta


"If you ask me, a gun to his head, what was the greatest advancement of anthropology in the last century, I would say without hesitation that it is to have laid bare the fallacy of racist, a discovery that actually goes back to work by Franz Boas in New York in the early twentieth century. Boas showed that there were no mentally irreducible differences between human communities and that, fundamentally We all think the same way. In particular, there is nothing that resembles a primitive thought. The "pansy" has no real existence. We are all primitives. We are all products of evolution also long. The differences between cultures regarding the mental habits are the result of any innate biological determinant or any historical process type. We built our cultural differences, we can get rid of it if we want. "
Felipe Fernandez-Armesto
Professor at the University of London

Boas, will attack front all the racial theories and demonstrate that the very notions of race, climate change, displacement geographical areas may alter the body of men and some innate traits, are innate immemorial. We find it also in the works of Durkheim who shares it the same way.
Both are of Jewish culture. They therefore lived intensively this look, this sense of exclusion that could lay next to their knowledge about their Jewishness, they lived inside. They questioned the scientific basis of race science. ceishs

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BRONISLAW GEREMEK


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He was a key architect of the democratic transformations that precipitated the fall of communism in Eastern Europe.



"After Europe, we Europeans need to do now. Otherwise, we risk losing the"

"We must put things into question, first by posing the problem of history of European civilization. Because I believe, not only as a historian, but also as a European, that the problem of Europe, of European civilization and European identity, the key problem of memory ... "Prof. . Bronislaw Geremek, Chair in European Civilization

" The weakness of democracies in the post-communist societies do not come of what happened before their entry into communism. The fundamental fact was the abolition of the market economy, removal destroys relationships between people. Communism was founded on the passivity of society. Sometimes humanity to engage in blind alleys: Communism was one of them. "Symposium experience of freedom (Mexico 1990)


Bronislaw Geremek, a specialist in medieval history and French Polish politician, died Sunday, July 13, 2008 in a car accident at the age of 76 ans.L a founding member of the Solidarity trade union and a close adviser to Lech Walesa, the historic leader, he had belonged to a small group of intellectuals advocating, as early as 1970, a non-violent opposition to the totalitarian regime imposed on Poland by the Union the Soviet figaro



Geremek, Bronislaw (1932-2008), Polish historian and politician.

A Francophile intellectual

Born in Warsaw, a Jewish intellectual family, Bronislaw Geremek grew up in the Warsaw ghetto. He managed to leave in 1943 with his mother while his older brother survived the deportation to Bergen-Belsen and her father died at Auschwitz.

Back in Warsaw in 1948, Bronislaw Geremek finishes high school. He studied history at university in his hometown and at the École Pratique des Hautes Etudes in Paris, where he stayed several times in 1956, 1957 and 1962, thanks to grants from the French government. First attracted by the contemporary history, he prefers to focus on the history of the Middle Ages, less subject to Marxist dogmatism. 1962, he became head of the Polish Center of civilization that has been created at the Sorbonne. Avid reader of the Annales school, he became interested in the work of Marc Bloch, whom he considers his spiritual master, Fernand Braudel, Lucien Febvre and Henri Pirenne and became a friend of Jacques Le Goff and medievalist Georges Duby.

historian marginality

At a time when the subject meets only indifference historian, Bronislaw Geremek turns to the study of poverty. Fascinated by the history of mentalities, he specializes in social history, that of crime, exclusion and marginality. His thesis on the Outsiders Paris in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, sustained in 1972, is published in France in 1976. Thereafter, his principal works disclaim this topic: Truands and poor in modern Europe 1350-1600 (1980), Useless in the world. Vagabonds and marginals in Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries (1980), Waged in crafts in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Market Study of the workforce Middle Age (1982), the stem or Pity. Europe and the poor of the Middle Ages to the Present (1987) and the Sons of Cain. The Image of the poor and vagabonds in literature from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries (1991). Lecturer at the University of Warsaw from 1965 to 1980, he served in 1993 as the international chair of the College de France "Social History: exclusions and solidarity." In 2002 he received the Grand Prix de la Francophonie for the whole of his work in French.

Political commitment alongside Solidarity

Player works founders of Marxism from 1948, Bronisław Geremek joined the Polish United Workers' Party (Stern) in 1950. He left after the Soviet intervention against the Prague Spring in 1968. In 1980, he went on strike in the Gdansk shipyards, along with Tadeusz Mazowiecki, to seal the alliance between intellectuals and workers and participates in negotiations that lead to the signing of the Gdansk (August 31, 1980) and the creation of the Solidarity trade union. Bronislaw Geremek became a personal adviser to Lech Walęsła. Following the declaration of a state of war by General Jaruzelski (December 13, 1981), Bronislaw Geremek was imprisoned until December 1982. In 1989, during the negotiations of the Round Table, he is one of the main mediators between the government and Solidarity. Following the June 1989 elections, Bronislaw Geremek, Chair of the Caucus of Solidarity, the Committee to reform the Constitution and Foreign Affairs Committee of the Diet. After his departure from Solidarity in 1990, he joined the Liberties Union (UW).

Foreign Minister of Poland (1997-2000)

After the victory of Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) in the 1997 parliamentary elections and the formation a center-right coalition between the AWS and UW under the direction of Jerzy Buzek, Bronislaw Geremek became Minister of Foreign Affairs. In this capacity, he chairs the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in 1998 and advocates a rapid accession of Poland to the European Union (EU). The rupture of the coalition AWS / UW in June 2000 means the end of his mandate. He then chaired the Parliamentary Committee for Polish EU law. In December 2000 he was elected president of the UW, but he abandoned this position after the defeat of UW parliamentary elections September 2001 - with 3.3 per 100 votes, the party is below the 5 per clause 100. Following the entry of Poland into the EU in May 2004 he was elected to Parliament and sits on the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) in the center of the chessboard European policy.

Bronislaw Geremek returns on its route to intellectual committed to fracture. Poland from communism to democracy (1991) and the Historian and Policy (1999).
encarta


Conference on Marc Bloch B. Geremek
This article is the text of the conference would have to pronounce the Polish historian Bronislaw Geremek, a medievalist at the conference Marc Bloch in 1986, who closed the conference dedicated to 100th anniversary of the birth of Marc Bloch. In the absence of its author, stopped by the Polish situation to go to Paris, Jacques Le Goff, who read the text. Bronislaw Geremek was adviser to Lech Walesa and Foreign Minister of Poland (1997-2000).

Barbed Wire Pamela Boobs Out

Loss of Heath Ledger January 22, 2008: a shock - Farewell to the interpreter Ennis

photo © Copyright 2006 UNLB

The media have announced the sudden death of Heath Ledger in New York he lived in Soho, Broome Street.
His disappearance at age 28 in the ascendancy of his acting career in film and the memory of his remarkable interpretation of Ennis in Brokeback Mountain, is a shock.

The fiery smoldering behind his expressions in the role of Ennis and cracks that the actor was probably used in its interpretation have they been right about him? Its own capabilities, outstanding, have they turned against him, reaching to his life? His family will explain.
When one thinks of the black character Heathcliff from the novel by Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights , which inspired his choice of name, you shiver ...

intensity, fragility contained in a virility without clearly, remain in our memories as he personified Ennis tormented, traumatized and psychologically persecuted by their social environment. This is the complexity of the character surprisingly returned in all its facets that had fascinated us in the interpretation of Heath Ledger which we would have liked it to be officially rewarded. Again, this is the reward of the public who was at the rendezvous. Let us recall the tributes that we were going to him in 2006:
http://brokebackers.blogspot.com/2006/04/brokeback-mountain-dvd-portfolio.html

Since the filming of Brokeback Mountain and its international, as we said happily, her life was marked by his marriage to Michelle Williams and the birth of his daughter Matilda.
After the release in 2007 I'm Not There Todd Haynes on Bob Dylan's life, no less than two films will appear again in 2008 Heath Ledger: The Dark Knight Christopher Nolan, who is Following Batman Begins , where he played the Joker and where the intensity of the incarnation of this character is sure to be noticed and admired; Neil Armfield Candy where Interpret the role of Dan, and may be The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus Terry Gilliam where he starred Tony, left unfinished at the time of the disappearance of the actor.
His appearances will not go unnoticed: we would have liked to praise his merits with him.

In leaving us at 28 years, he consumed his youth and his career in a flash, dazzling in his last appearances, and he will be remembered the perfect incarnation of the tormented Ennis . His films figeront its physical beauty and her undeniable charisma, but do not remove the grief of knowing party. He enrolled in the sky like shooting stars of summer nights.
salute and wear the artist's memory.

© Copyright 2008 Bruno Stephen


Some links to check
Heath Ledger Biography, filmography: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0005132/
video interview: http:/ / www.tmz.com/2008/01/22/ledgers-eerily-prophetic-interview/
News: http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/actor-heath-ledger- is-found-dead /